Speed and bank


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Speed and bank

Generally, the maximum speed permitted depends on the airspace structure. In airspaces where uncontrolled VFR flights are permitted, the maximum speed is 250 knots (approx. 450 km/h). There is no speed limit in the airspace where all air traffic is subject to air traffic control.

When conducting a standard turn, each aircraft turns at three degrees per second. This means that a full circle of 360 degrees takes two minutes. The faster the aircraft, the higher the degree by which it must bank into the turn in order to maintain the standard rate of turn. However, the bank angle should not exceed 25 to 30 degrees. This means that the radius of the turn increases as a function of the aircraft speed. The wind conditions in the approach area also influence the decision making process. It is possible that a runway direction may be chosen due to a strong tailwind component and this is not necessarily in line with the wind conditions on the ground. This decision is the sole responsibility of DFS.

Citizens often suggest that aircraft on approach descend at a steeper angle. The aircraft could then remain at a higher altitude for a longer period of time before starting their descent. According to the internationally binding ICAO standards (International Civil Aviation Organisation), however, only angles between 2.5 and 3.5 degrees can be used for ILS approaches. A larger glide angle than the optimum angle is only permitted in the case of obstacle avoidance.

In addition, category II and III ILS approaches (CAT II and III; in adverse weather conditions) are no longer permitted at glide angles exceeding 3 degrees. ILS is necessary to provide continuous service in adverse weather conditions at international airports.

With a few exceptions, all aircraft currently in use have an aerodynamic design that is made for a glide angle of three degrees. There is ongoing research which is examining whether aircraft noise can be significantly reduced by means of steeper glide angles.


07/06/2011	PRINT